Our Technology

What is Direct Air Capture?

Direct Air Capture is a technology that captures carbon dioxide directly from the air with an engineered, mechanical system.

Our Direct Air Capture (DAC) technology does this by pulling in atmospheric air, then through a series of chemical reactions, extracts the carbon dioxide (CO2) from it while returning the rest of the air to the environment. This is what plants and trees do every day as they photosynthesize, except Direct Air Capture technology does it much faster, with a smaller land footprint, and delivers the carbon dioxide in a pure, compressed form that can then be stored underground or reused.

The inputs and outputs of CE's Direct Air Capture process
The inputs and outputs of CE's Direct Air Capture process

How DAC works

Our Direct Air Capture technology continuously captures CO2 from atmospheric air and delivers it as a purified, compressed gas – using only air, water, and energy as inputs.

Our Direct Air Capture technology has four major pieces of equipment. The process starts with an air contactor, which is a large structure modelled off industrial cooling towers. A giant fan pulls air into this structure, where it passes over thin plastic surfaces that have potassium hydroxide solution flowing over them. This non-toxic solution chemically binds with the CO2 molecules, removing them from the air and trapping them in the liquid solution as a carbonate salt.

The CO2 contained in this carbonate solution is then put through a series of chemical processes to increase its concentration, purify and compress it, so it can be delivered in gas form ready for use or storage. This involves separating the salt out from solution into small pellets in a structure called a pellet reactor. These pellets are then heated in our third step, a calciner, in order to release the CO2 in pure gas form. This step also leaves behind processed pellets that are hydrated in a slaker and recycled back within the system to reproduce the original capture chemical.

CE’s Direct Air Capture process, showing the major unit operations - air contactor, pellet reactor, slaker, and calciner - which collectively capture, purify, and compress atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>
CE’s Direct Air Capture process, showing the major unit operations - air contactor, pellet reactor, slaker, and calciner - which collectively capture, purify, and compress atmospheric CO2
Key features of CE’s DAC technology

Industrially scalable

At CE, we’ve built our DAC technology by utilizing known equipment and processes from other large industries, and then innovating and integrating them to create our DAC system. This means our system can be built at large industrial scales with known supply chains and reliable equipment costs.

Affordable

At large scale, our DAC technology can capture CO2 from the air for approximately US$100 per ton of CO2. For more information, please read our 2018 paper which provides a detailed process description and engineering cost estimate for a reference DAC plant that would capture one million tons of CO2 per year.

Freedom of location

DAC plants are location-independent, and so can be placed in locations where there is abundant, low cost local energy to power the facility, or where there is a high demand for CO2. DAC has the added advantage of being able to use non-arable land, and so our facilities avoid competing for lands needed to grow food.

Closed chemical cycle

Our DAC technology captures CO2 from the air in a closed “chemical loop” that re-uses the same capture chemicals over and over. This closed-loop chemical process is non-volatile, non-toxic and meets environmental health and safety standards, and it means we produce minimal waste products and require very minor supplies of chemicals to operate.

Flexible energy source

CE’s DAC process can take a flexible combination of renewable electricity and natural gas to power the system. When natural gas is used, the CO2 from combustion is not released, but is captured and delivered along with the CO2 captured from air. Our technology is also capable of reducing or completely eliminating the use of natural gas, instead relying on clean electricity as the sole energy source. This flexibility allows us to use natural gas, renewable electricity, or mixtures of both to achieve the lowest energy cost at each facility while also avoiding the creation of new emissions.

Emissions free

CE’s DAC plants do not create additional CO2 emissions due to the way our engineers have integrated energy usage within the facility. Our technology is configured to capture the CO2 from any natural gas used in powering the system. This means any emissions from natural gas usage are captured and delivered with the atmospheric CO2 we captured from the air, and both streams are then used or buried permanently underground.
Types of Plants

CE’s Direct Air Capture technology can deliver two types of industrial plants.

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DAC + Storage Plants

Direct Air Capture and storage plants offer an affordable solution for removing CO2 from the air at large, climate-relevant scale. They are location-independent, so can be built almost anywhere and in most climates. They have flexible configurations and can be sized to suit customer needs, however their economics are most favourable at large, industrial scales. CE’s plants can be built to capture up to one million tons of CO2 per year each – equivalent to the work of 40 million trees.

Direct Air Capture and storage plants will deliver millions of tons of pure compressed CO2 at prices competitive in today’s leading markets. The CO2 can be used in a number of ways, each of which generate environmental benefits, but CE’s main focus is to create permanent carbon removal by burying the CO2 deep underground through secure geological storage.

Explore DAC + Storage
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AIR TO FUELSTM PLANTS

AIR TO FUELSTM plants combine CE’s Direct Air Capture technology with hydrogen generation and fuel synthesis capability to deliver near carbon neutral synthetic fuel. At these facilities, atmospheric CO2 is captured from the air and converted into synthetic crude. This synthetic crude can then be processed into gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel that work in existing vehicles and transportation infrastructure without any modifications.

Due to an unlimited feedstock – atmospheric CO2 – CE’s AIR TO FUELSTM plants can deliver global-scale quantities of clean fuels to meet growing market demand. These fuels form an important complement to electric vehicles by providing a clean liquid fuel for transport sectors that are difficult to electrify and that require the high energy density of liquid fuels, such as long-haul transport, marine and aviation.

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Graphical representation of one of Carbon Engineering’s large-scale air contactors.

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